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She is currently conducting a longitudinal ethnographic study of how the AIDS epidemic informs adolescent development and identity dynamics among youth.Ĭrack cocaine was first reported as an injectable drug in the United States in Chicago in 1996 ( Johnson & Ouellet, 1996), and crack cocaine injection has since been reported in smaller cities, including Bridgeport, Connecticut ( Kinzly, 1998), Austin, Texas ( Community Epidemiology Working Group, 1998), and Dayton, Ohio ( Carlson, Falck, & Siegal, 2000) as well as San Francisco ( Bourgois, Lettiere, & Quesada, 1997), Washington, D.C. Welle, Ph.D., director of youth and Community Development Core of the Institute for International Research on Youth at Risk (IRYAR) at National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. His primary area of interest is public health research with high risk youth populations, with an emphasis on the initiation of risk behaviors. Goldsamt, Ph.D., is deputy director of the Institute for International Research on Youth at Risk (IRYAR) at National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. His principal area of interest is in community epidemiology and the development of community-based public health programs. Clatts, Ph.D., is the director of the Institute for International Research on Youth at Risk (IRYAR) at National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. He conducts research on hidden populations, high-risk youth, and out-of-treatment drug users. Lankenau, Ph.D., is an assistant professor in the Department of Sociomedical Sciences at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health.